Weightlifting: what is it?
What is Weightlifting?
Weightlifting is a sport where athletes lift barbells loaded with weights. Weightlifting tests the strength, power and technique of athletes.
History: Eliko Sports
The modern-day practice of weightlifting began with the lifting of stones in the ancient cultures of Greece, Egypt, Palestine, and Asia.
There is evidence of weight-lifting and strength movements on the tomb of the Egyptian Prince Baghti dating from approximately 2040 BC (Stone et al., 2006). Furthermore, in a text written in the late 4th century, Saint Jerome, who is best known for translating the Bible into Latin, is quoted as saying, “In the cities of Palestine is an ancient custom which has preserved to these days throughout the Judaic land, that the young people should use the round stones for practicing. Those stones were lifted in accordance with their individual abilities, some to the knees, the other to the hip, and some individuals lifted it to the shoulder or head height. Overhead lifting strengthens their hands so that they may show their extraordinary strength” (Stojiljkovic et al., 2013). Interestingly enough, lifting objects such as a barbell to the hips, shoulders, and overhead is exactly what is done in Olympic weightlifting.
The modern-day practice of weightlifting became noticeable in Europe during the middle part of the 1800’s with many weightlifting and strength training clubs emerging in Austria and Germany (Stone et al., 2006). During the late 1800’s, “lifting” became an actual form of exercise. This form of training produced the strongmen seen in many circuses around the world at that time. These strongmen would perform various one-handed and two-handed lifts, which were the basis of the modern-day Olympic lifts (Stojiljkovic et al., 2013).
In 1891, the first Weightlifting World Championships were held in London (Stone et al., 2006). Then in 1896, weightlifting made its first appearance in the Olympics (Stojiljkovic et al., 2013). However, weightlifting at that time looked nothing like it does today. Equipment was much different as were the lifts themselves. Competitors performed numerous one- and two-handed lifts in any manner necessary to lift the weight. After appearing in the Olympics only one more time over the next 24 years (in 1904), the sport of Weightlifting formed its own federation in 1905 and was recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1914 (Stone et al., 2006). Finally in 1920, weightlifting formally became an Olympic sport.
What are the rules?
Weightlifters compete in bodyweight categories, or weight classes.
There are two stages in Olympic weightlifting – the snatch and the clean and jerk.
In snatch weightlifters pick up the barbell and lift it above their head in one singular motion.
In the clean and jerk weightlifters are first required to pick up the barbell and bring it up to their chest (clean). The lifters must then pause and extend their arms and legs to lift it above the head (jerk) with a straight elbow and have to hold it there until a buzzer is sounded.
A weightlifter is given three snatch attempts and three clean and jerk attempts each. A weightlifter’s best attempt at snatch and the clean and jerk are then added up and the one with the highest combined weight lifted is declared the winner.
Check out this article written by one of our founding members: Hayden Pritchard (PhD)
I remember when I received my first run sheet for a weightlifting competition. As a former powerlifter, this strange document made no sense to me. Why did the attempts count matter? What did all of this mean?
In powerlifting, all athletes perform their first attempts one after the other, with the weight on the bar increasing. After all first attempts are complete, the weight is then returned to the lowest weight of the second attempts, and the same process occurs. This continues for each of the three attempts on all three lifts. This structure means timing warm ups isn’t too difficult.
In weightlifting this is not the case. In fact, the bar only ever increases in weight during each competition lift, athletes can follow themselves, and athletes are able to make frequent changes to attempt selections. Amongst these variables, each athlete must ensure they are ready to hit the platform at just the right moment to take their attempts. The run sheet is the tool coaches use to ensure this is achieved.
The Run Sheet
Writing a run sheet is fairly simple. You plan warm ups that progressively increase in load in a similar manner to your athletes usual training, and then assign an “attempts” count to them. This attempt count allows a coach to determine when an athlete will perform a specific warm up set, it ensures the warm up is appropriately timed.
So let’s say we have an athlete, Steve Hansen, and at his next competition he is looking to open on 121kg in the Snatch and 145kg in the Clean and Jerk. Above, you can see the run sheet for him to reach these openers
If you take a look at the sections for each lift you’ll see each has a column for attempts/minutes, for weight, and then for reps. Usually from attempt to attempt it takes about a minute, hence that column title includes both. In the template above these change in increments of two – i.e. a warm up would be taken every two attempts, or every two minutes if the first attempt of the competition has not occurred. These could also occur in threes if an athlete requires more rest. The next columns are self explanatory, showing the weight on the bar, and finally, the number of reps to perform at that weight.
To explain this further, our athlete would take their first snatch warm up, of three reps on the empty barbell, when there are 20 attempts (or minutes) until his first lift. To explain this further, let’s move on to how we would count attempts.
Counting Attempts
In the image below, we see an example of a scoreboard that could be seen after weigh in has concluded. It shows the planned openers for all athletes in the competition, along with the usual competition details.
You will note that athletes are listed by lot number. At initial glance this seems annoying, but this is useful when two athletes are opening on the same weight, as the one with the lower lot number would take the weight first. However, for Steve this is not a concern.
Steve’s opener of 121kg in the Snatch is far greater than Eddie’s at 110kg, a bit heavier than Clive’s, while just a touch more than Jamie’s. This information allows us to make some calculated estimates in regards to attempts.
We can probably rely on the fact that Eddie will perform all three of his attempts at lighter weights than Steve. So we can count three attempts there.
Clive will probably perform an opener and a second before Steve, while Jamie is only likely to take his opener. This adds another three to the count. Therefore we can assume there will be about six competition attempts before Steve is to undertake his first Snatch attempt.
Given Steve needs 20 attempts/minutes, it means he will take his first warm up lift when there are 14 minutes until the start of the session. As 14 minutes plus six attempts adds to the 20 attempts/minutes needed to fully complete Steve’s warm up.
You can then follow this same process for the Clean & Jerk.
Be on your toes
The execution of this plan is made more difficult because weights selected by other athletes can be frequently changed. Essentially, the number an athlete has selected for an attempt on the scoreboard is dynamic. Therefore the coach needs to be continuously aware of what other athletes in the session are doing.
In the example above, you might notice that Michael is looking rough in the warm up. Missing lighter warm up weights. Will he lower his opener to less than Steve? Watch his coach. Pay attention to the scoreboard.
Perhaps you saw Jamie hit a new Snatch PB in training recently, with 130kg – is his opener going to move up? Keep an eye on the scoreboard, and take this into account during your athletes warm up.
The other thing that you must prepare for is the potential that athletes may follow themselves. We’ve said an attempt is approximately a minute, but if an athlete follows themselves then they get granted a two minute clock. This could also affect the timing of your athletes warm up.
Concluding Remarks
The run sheet is a useful tool. It allows a coach to time warm ups appropriately and can help to ensure an athlete gets onto the platform ready to go. However, a coach must remain aware of what is happening in the warm up room, and some knowledge of the lifters abilities and other coaches practices never hurt also.
References:
Stojiljković, N., Ignjatović, A., Savić, Z., Marković, Ž., & Milanović, S.M. (2013). HISTORY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING (Professional paper).
Stone, M. H., Pierce, K. C., Sands, W. A., & Stone, M. E. (2006). Weightlifting: A Brief Overview. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2006)28[50:wabo]2.0.co;2